Spain · Labor market
Alternative measures of labor underutilization
Quarterly and annual U1–U6 estimates constructed from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (EPA) public microdata.
Measures
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Data source: Own calculations from INE, Spanish Labour Force Survey (EPA) public microdata.
Break in series: The dashed marker denotes the EPA-2021 redesign and population-weight change, not an economic event. Public age is top-coded at 65+, so the documented 16–74 scope cannot be imposed exactly.